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Beverages that contain stimulants such as a combination of CAFFEINE with other substances such as VITAMINS; AMINO ACIDS; and sugar or sugar derivativ…

Total number of calories taken in daily whether ingested or by parenteral routes.

The chemical reactions involved in the production and utilization of various forms of energy in cells.

The transfer of energy of a given form among different scales of motion. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed). It …

Cis-acting DNA sequences which can increase transcription of genes. Enhancers can usually function in either orientation and at various distances fro…

A method in machine learning where several base learners are combined to create an optimal learning model. This can be used for a variety of models i…

Recycling through liver by excretion in bile, reabsorption from intestines (INTESTINAL REABSORPTION) into portal circulation, passage back into liver…

The processes by which one cell actively invades and becomes internalized within another cell.

The measure of that part of the heat or energy of a system which is not available to perform work. Entropy increases in all natural (spontaneous and …

The external elements and conditions which surround, influence, and affect the life and development of an organism or population.

Conversion of an inactive form of an enzyme to one possessing metabolic activity. It includes 1, activation by ions (activators); 2, activation by co…

An increase in the rate of synthesis of an enzyme due to the presence of an inducer which acts to derepress the gene responsible for enzyme synthesis.

The interference in synthesis of an enzyme due to the elevated level of an effector substance, usually a metabolite, whose presence would cause depre…

The extent to which an enzyme retains its structural conformation or its activity when subjected to storage, isolation, and purification or various o…

A genetic process by which the adult organism is realized via mechanisms that lead to the restriction in the possible fates of cells, eventually lead…

Various mechanisms by which a stable propagation of changes in gene expression that is passed from egg and sperm to the embryo persists via epigeneti…

The turning off of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION in certain regions of CHROMATIN without changes in the DNA sequence. Typically epigenetic repression is a wa…

A network of chemical compounds surrounding DNA that modify the genome without altering the DNA sequences and have a role in determining which genes …

A form of gene interaction whereby the expression of one gene interferes with or masks the expression of a different gene or genes. Genes whose expre…

Phenotypic changes of EPITHELIAL CELLS to MESENCHYME type, which increase cell mobility critical in many developmental processes such as NEURAL TUBE …

The altered pattern of GENE EXPRESSION related to RNA METHYLATION.

Suicidal death of ERYTHROCYTES which results in features typical of apoptotic nucleated cells such as cell shrinkage, membrane blebbing, and scrambli…

The senescence of RED BLOOD CELLS. Lacking the organelles that make protein synthesis possible, the mature erythrocyte is incapable of self-repair, r…

The number of RED BLOOD CELLS per unit volume in a sample of venous BLOOD.

Ability of ERYTHROCYTES to change shape as they pass through narrow spaces, such as the microvasculature.

ERYTHROCYTE size and HEMOGLOBIN content or concentration, usually derived from ERYTHROCYTE COUNT; BLOOD hemoglobin concentration; and HEMATOCRIT. The…

Volume of circulating ERYTHROCYTES . It is usually measured by RADIOISOTOPE DILUTION TECHNIQUE.

The production of red blood cells (ERYTHROCYTES). In humans, erythrocytes are produced by the YOLK SAC in the first trimester; by the liver in the se…

The process of converting an acid into an alkyl or aryl derivative. Most frequently the process consists of the reaction of an acid with an alcohol i…

In certain living species, a period of dormancy during the summer months marked by decreased metabolism.